Local Visual Microphones: Improved Sound Extraction from Silent Video

Sound waves cause small vibrations in nearby objects. A few techniques exist in the literature that can extract sound from video. In this paper we study local vibration patterns at different image locations. We show that different locations in the image vibrate differently. We carefully aggregate local vibrations and produce a sound quality that improves state-of-the-art. We show that local vibrations could have a time delay because sound waves take time to travel through the air. We use this phenomenon to estimate sound direction. We also present a novel algorithm that speeds up sound extraction by two to three orders of magnitude and reaches real-time performance in a 20KHz video.Comment: Accepted to BMVC 201

지식 증류를위한 다단계 교사

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부,2019. 8. Lee, Kyoung Mu.지식 증류 (Knowledge Distillation, KD)는 교사로부터 학생 모델로 지식을 전 달하는 잘 알려진 방법입니다. 본 논문에서는 계층 적 진보적 교사 (Layer-wise Pro- gressive Teacher)를 도입하여 지식 증류를위한 새로운 틀을 제안하고자한다. 이와 관련하여 우리는 교사의 중간 계층에서 확률을 구함으로써 서로 다른 경도 수준에 서 부드러운 목표를 만드는 방법을 제안합니다. 우리의 방법은 교사와 학생 사이에 큰 차이가있어 학생이 교사를 모방하는 것을 더 어렵게하는 경우를 위해 특별히 고 안되었습니다. 우리는 또한 학생의 온도를 제거하고 교사의 온도를 유지하는 것이 좋습니다. 실험 결과는 기존의 증류법과 비교할 때 우리의 방법이 훨씬 더 우수한 결과를 얻음을 보여줍니다.Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a well-known method for transferring knowledge from a teacher to a student model. In this thesis, we propose a new framework for Knowledge Distillation by introducing a Layer-wise Progressive Teacher. In this regard, we propose a method to create soft targets in different levels of complexity by obtaining the probabilities from the intermediate layers of the teacher network. Our method is specially designed for the cases that there is a large gap between the teacher and the student which makes it harder for the student to mimic the teacher. In addition, we proposed focalized teacher as a method to train a better teacher for the student. The experimental results show that our method gets significantly better results in comparison with existing knowledge distillation methods.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background. 1 1.2 Motivation 3 1.3 ProposedMethod 4 1.4 Datasets. 5 2 Related Work 7 2.1 Theory of Transfer Learning 7 2.2 Applications. 8 3 Focalized Teacher 10 3.1 Overview 10 3.2 LabelCorrection 11 3.3 FocalizedTeacher 12 3.4 Experimental Results 13 4 Layer-wise Progressive Knowledge Distillation 16 4.1 BackgroundandNotations . 16 4.2 Layer-wiseKnowledgeDistillation. 17 4.3 ProgressiveTeacher. 19 4.4 Experimental Results 20 4.4.1 TemperatureAnalysis . 21 4.4.2 DistanceMetric. 23 4.4.3 Distilled Knowledge from an intermediate layer . . . . . . . . 24 4.4.4 ProgressiveTeacher 27 4.4.5 ComparisonwithotherKDmethods 29 5 Conclusion 5.1 SummaryoftheThesis . 32 5.2 FutureWorks 32 5.2.1 Progressive Teacher Assistant based Knowledge Distillation . 33Maste

HouseDiffusion: Vector Floorplan Generation via a Diffusion Model with Discrete and Continuous Denoising

The paper presents a novel approach for vector-floorplan generation via a diffusion model, which denoises 2D coordinates of room/door corners with two inference objectives: 1) a single-step noise as the continuous quantity to precisely invert the continuous forward process; and 2) the final 2D coordinate as the discrete quantity to establish geometric incident relationships such as parallelism, orthogonality, and corner-sharing. Our task is graph-conditioned floorplan generation, a common workflow in floorplan design. We represent a floorplan as 1D polygonal loops, each of which corresponds to a room or a door. Our diffusion model employs a Transformer architecture at the core, which controls the attention masks based on the input graph-constraint and directly generates vector-graphics floorplans via a discrete and continuous denoising process. We have evaluated our approach on RPLAN dataset. The proposed approach makes significant improvements in all the metrics against the state-of-the-art with significant margins, while being capable of generating non-Manhattan structures and controlling the exact number of corners per room. A project website with supplementary video and document is here https://aminshabani.github.io/housediffusion

JigsawPlan: Room Layout Jigsaw Puzzle Extreme Structure from Motion using Diffusion Models

This paper presents a novel approach to the Extreme Structure from Motion (E-SfM) problem, which takes a set of room layouts as polygonal curves in the top-down view, and aligns the room layout pieces by estimating their 2D translations and rotations, akin to solving the jigsaw puzzle of room layouts. The biggest discovery and surprise of the paper is that the simple use of a Diffusion Model solves this challenging registration problem as a conditional generation process. The paper presents a new dataset of room layouts and floorplans for 98,780 houses. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the competing methods by significant margins

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Can Alleviate the Proctitis Model Through TLR4/NF-Κb Pathway

Background: Proctitis is a significant concern of inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis. Exosomes are a new method for treating many diseases by their immunosuppressive and tissue-repairing potential. Here, we tried Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived Exosomes for treating the proctitis model of rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were assigned into four groups: sham, control group, rectal, and intraperitoneal exosome injection. The proctitis model was induced by rectal administration of 4% acetic acid. The exosome was derived from human MSCs isolated from human umbilical cords. After seven days, rectum samples were assessed for histopathological, IHC, and PCR analysis. Results: The histopathologic scores, collagen deposition, and the expression of NF-κB, TLR4, TNFα, IL-6, and TGFβ were decreased in intraperitoneal exosome compared to controls. The result was not promising for the rectal administration of exosomes. Conclusion: Exosomes can suppress the inflammatory response in the proctitis model and improve the rectum's healing process. Exosomes can inhabit the NF-κB/TLR4 pathway and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study implicates the therapeutic benefits of exomes in treating proctitis

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

بازشناخت ملاک‌های اخلاقی مقدار رابطۀ زناشویی بهنجار با تأکید بر اصول اخلاق جنسی اسلام: .

سابقه و هدف: دانش اخلاق جنسی به‌‌منظور الگودهی رفتاری ساحت جنسی انسان، در نتیجۀ کنترل و هدفمندسازی رفتار جنسی شکل‌گرفته است. ازاین‌‌رو این دانش هنجارهای اخلاقی رفتار جنسی را بررسی می‌کند. یکی از مسائل مهم در این حیطه تعیین مقدار مطلوب رابطۀ جنسی است. در این باره از دیدگاه­های گوناگون پزشکی و روان‌شناختی پژوهش­هایی انجام گرفته است، اما تاکنون مرزهای اخلاقی رابطۀ خوب از دیدگاه اسلام به‌صورت روشمند بررسی نشده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بازشناخت ملاک­های اخلاقی مقدار رابطۀ زناشویی بهنجار با تأکید بر اصول اخلاق جنسی اسلام بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع اسنادی-تحلیلی است که بر پایۀ منابع اسلامی (آیات و روایات) انجام شده است. به‌دلیل اتکای این پژوهش بر آیات و روایات، تعداد زیادی از منابع اصیل و قدیمی به‌عنوان مرجع تحقیق بررسی شد ولی در بخش تحلیل و طبقه‌بندی اطلاعات علاوه‌بر روش فهم متون دینی به دیدگاه‌های معاصر نیز توجه شده است. مؤلفان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: از اَسناد مکتوب و تحلیل محتوای آنها چهار دسته روایت دربارۀ موضوع پژوهش به دست آمده است. بررسی این روایات به استنباط چندی از اصول اخلاقی و کدهای برآمده از آنها منتهی شد و در پی آن مرزهای اخلاقی رابطۀ جنسی زناشویی بهنجار تبیین گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس کدهای اخلاقی ارائه‌شده، رابطۀ جنسی-عاطفی مطلوب بین زوجین محصور به چارچوب‌های اخلاقی است. توجه به مرزهای اخلاقی رابطه، علاوه‌بر فضیلتمندکردن آن می­تواند به پایدارشدن خانواده و رضایت زناشویی کمک نماید.Background and Objective: Knowledge of sexual behavior has been developed to provide a behavioral pattern for human sexual relationship to control sexual behavior and make it purposeful. Accordingly, this knowledge examines the behavioral norms in sexual behavior. One of the important issues in this regard is the desirable amount of sex. In this respect, some studies have been conducted from different medical and psychological perspectives, but the ethical borderlines of a good relationship have not been examined from the perspective of Islam. The present study attempts to reexamine the ethical criteria related to the normal amount of sex with an emphasis on the principles of sexual behavior in Islam. Methods: The present study is library-based analytical, conducted based on Islamic sources (Quranic verses and narrations from Imams and the Prophet). Considering the fact that the present study relies on the Quranic verses and narrations, a large number of original and old sources were examined, but in analyzing and classifying the collected information, the contemporary views as well as the method of interpreting the religious texts were considered. The authors reported no conflict of interests. Results: From the written documents and their analysis, four classes of narrations were found in relation to the topic under investigation. Based on their analysis, a number of ethical principles and codes were obtained and, then, the ethical borderlines for sexual relationship were explained. Conclusion: Based on the ethical codes presented, a desirable sexual-emotional relationship between the partners is to be controlled by an ethical framework. Paying attention to the ethical borderlines of this relationship not only makes it a noble and virtuous practice, but helps to stabilize the family and the sexual relationship.خلفية البحث وأهدافه: تبلور علم الأخلاق الجنسیة من أجل نمذجة السلوك الجنسي لدی الإنسان من أجل تنظیم السلوک الجنسي وإخضاعه لمعاییر أخلاقیة. ومن هذا المنطلق یقوم علم الأخلاق الجنسیة بدراسة هذا الجانب البشري. ومن أهم القضایا التي یهتم بها هذا المجال هي تنظیم العلاقة الجنسیة بین الزوجین. فقد تناول علم الطب وعلم النفس هذا الجانب البشري کل من منظوره. لکن لم تجر حتی الآن دراسة ممنهجة تتناول رأي الشریعة الإسلامیة في هذا الأمر. فقد تسعی هذه الدراسة إعادة تعریف وبلورة رأي الإسلام حول معاییر الأخلاق الجنسیة في منظومة القیم الأخلاقية الإسلامیة وتعریف العلاقة الجنسیة السلمیة من منظور الإسلام. منهجية البحث: تعتمد هذه الدراسة المنهجیة التحلیلیة بناء علی الثرات الإسلامي (الآیات و الأحادیث). وبالنظر إلی أنّ الآیات والروایات تأخذ حیزاً کبیراً من هذه الدراسة، فقد کانت المصادر التاریخیة والتراثیة هي المرجع و المصدر الأساس للدراسة. لکننا في الجزء التحلیلي ودراسة المعطیات قد أضفنا إلی فهم النصوص التراثیة، المناهج الحدیثة و الآراء المعاصرة في فهم التراث الدیني. لم يشر مؤلفو البحث الى التضارب في المصالح. المعطیات: تنقسم النصوص التراثیة في هذه الدراسة إلی أربعة أجزاء تتعلق بموضوع البحث. فکانت مآلات و نتائج تحلیل هذه الروایات استخراج عدد من الأصول الأخلاقیة التي تحدد لنا حدود العلاقة الجنسیة السلیمة. الاستنتاج: توصل البحث من خلال المعاییر الأخلاق الجنسیة/الروحیة السلیمة بین الزوجین، أنّ العلاقة تتأطّر في أطر اخلاقیة تنحصر فیها العلاقة الجنسیة. فتأطیر هذه العلاقة في أطرها الخاصة تعزز وشائج الأسرة و تعزز أرکان الحیاة الزوجیة

Pretreatment of ellagic acid protects ifosfamide-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rat kidneys: A mitochondrial, histopathological and oxidative stress approaches

Ifosfamide (IFO) kidney damage is an important organ toxicity in children and adults undergoing chemotherapy. Previous evidence has shown that IFO toxic metabolites such as acrolein and are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, depletion of antioxidants, oxidative stress and may predispose the kidney to IFO toxicity. Bioactive food compounds such as ellagic acid (EA) found in fruits has been described as antioxidant and mitochondrial protective agents against toxicity-related mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. In current study, the protective effects of EA on IFO-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats were investigated with histopathological, biochemical, and mitochondrial methods. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, control, IFO, IFO + EA, and EA groups. EA (25 mg/kg, i.p. daily) were administered to animals for 2 consecutive days and IFO (500 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered on third day. The results showed that pretreatment EA significantly increased mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenases (SDH) activity, and protected mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and depletion glutathione (GSH). Histopathological findings demonstrated that EA had protective effects and reduced histopathological abnormalities caused by IFO. These results showed that EA administration protects the kidneys against mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and histopathological abnormality induced by IFO. Taken together, our results demonstrated that EA played a protective role against IFO-induced nephrotoxicity through mitochondrial protection and antioxidant properties